sophisms

Noun

sophism (countable and uncountable, plural sophisms)

1. (historical, uncountable) The school of the sophists in antiquity; their beliefs and method of teaching philosophy and rhetoric.
   • Within the framework of democracy a new ideology, born of sophism, took root and proclaimed the rights of the individual in all spheres, political as well as moral.1958, Sophie Trenkner, The Greek Novella in the Classical Period, page 15

   Synonyms:

   sophistic

2. (countable) A flawed argument, superficially correct in its reasoning, usually designed to deceive.
   • The hope of improvement is a quality at once so strong and so excellent in the human mind, that I, for one, disapprove of any sophism—or, if you will, argument—that tends to repress it.1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XIX, in Romance and Reality. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 232

   Synonyms:

   sophistry, quibbling, pilpul, pilpulism

3. (countable) An intentional fallacy.
4. (uncountable) Sophistic, fallacious reasoning or argumentation.
   • What! No demonstration of the Being of God! No abstract arguments! No proofs a priori! Are these, which have hitherto been so much insisted on by philosophers, all fallacy, all sophism? Can we reach no further in this subject than experience and probability?1779, David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

   Synonyms:

   sophistry, quibbling, pilpul, pilpulism