surprisals

Noun

surprisal (countable and uncountable, plural surprisals)

1. (obsolete) A surprise attack or ambush; a sudden or unexpected assault.
   • Their chiefe attempts are by Stratagems, trecheries, or surprisals.1624, John Smith, Generall Historie, Kupperman, published 1988, page 146
2. (obsolete) A sudden coming-upon someone or something unexpectedly or unawares.
   • How to secure the lady from surprisal1646 (indicated as 1645), John Milton, “Comus”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC
3. (obsolete) A surprising event or occurrence.
4. (obsolete) The feeling caused by being surprised; surprise, shock, amazement.
5. An information measure as equal in bits (binary digits) to the base-2 log of 1 over the probability, with the result that the number of choices equals 2ⁿ where n is the number of bits.
   • Because language is produced and processed over time, we get it bit by bit. This allows a measure of the goodness of an incoming word according to how expected it was, given the preceding context: its expectedness or surprisal. Surprisal and expectedness are inverses: When an incoming word is...2025, Edward A. F. Gibson, “Preliminaries: Components of Language Structure” (chapter 2), in Syntax: A Cognitive Approach, MIT Press, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 23–24

   Synonyms:

   Shannon information